Birth control is designed to help prevent unplanned pregnancies, but no method—aside from abstinence—is 100% effective. Despite careful use, many people are surprised to learn that pregnancy can still occur due to various factors. Understanding how birth control methods can fail is key to using them more effectively and protecting your reproductive health.
Below are 8 common reasons birth control can fail and how to reduce the risks.
1. Inconsistent Use of Birth Control Pills
Missing Doses Reduces Effectiveness
Oral contraceptive pills must be taken daily, ideally at the same time each day, to maintain hormone levels that prevent ovulation. Missing even one or two pills can lower their effectiveness, particularly for combination or progestin-only pills.
What You Can Do
Set a daily reminder or use a pill-tracking app. If you miss a pill, refer to your pack’s instructions or consult your healthcare provider about using backup contraception like condoms.
2. Condom Breakage or Slippage
Physical Damage or Improper Use
Condoms are a barrier method that can break due to friction, expiration, or improper storage (such as in a wallet or hot environment). Slippage during intercourse can also lead to exposure to semen.
What You Can Do
Always check the expiration date and ensure you’re using condoms correctly. Consider using additional lubrication to reduce friction, and store condoms in a cool, dry place. Combining condoms with another method, like spermicide or the pill, offers extra protection.
3. Late or Missed Birth Control Injections
Gaps in Depo-Provera Shots
The Depo-Provera shot, an injectable form of contraception, needs to be administered every 12 weeks. Missing or delaying the injection increases the risk of ovulation and potential pregnancy.
What You Can Do
Keep track of your shot schedule and set a reminder for your next appointment. Many clinics offer follow-up calls or texts to help you stay on track.
4. Incorrect Use of Birth Control Patches or Rings
Application Errors
Transdermal patches and vaginal rings release hormones to prevent pregnancy. However, failing to apply the patch correctly or forgetting to replace the ring on time can reduce their efficacy.
What You Can Do
Follow the manufacturer’s instructions closely. Make note of change days in your calendar and consider setting digital alerts. If you suspect the patch has peeled off or the ring has been out for too long, consult your healthcare provider about backup contraception.
5. Interactions with Other Medications
Reduced Effectiveness Due to Drug Interference
Some medications, especially antibiotics like rifampin, antifungal medications, anti-seizure drugs, and herbal supplements like St. John’s Wort, can interfere with hormonal birth control and reduce its effectiveness.
What You Can Do
Always inform your doctor or pharmacist if you’re taking hormonal birth control when starting a new medication. They can advise whether you need a backup method or switch to a more reliable option during treatment.
6. Improper Use of Emergency Contraception
Delayed or Incorrect Usage
Emergency contraception (EC) is designed to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex or birth control failure. However, its effectiveness decreases the longer you wait. EC pills are most effective within 72 hours but can work up to five days after intercourse.
What You Can Do
Use EC as soon as possible after unprotected sex. Keep a pill on hand if you’re not using regular contraception or are worried about potential failure. If you weigh over 165 pounds, some EC pills may be less effective; in such cases, a copper IUD may be a better emergency option.
7. IUD Displacement or Expulsion
Device Shift Can Reduce Protection
Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are over 99% effective, but in rare cases, the device can become dislodged or expelled from the uterus, especially within the first year of placement. If this occurs, the IUD may not prevent pregnancy.
What You Can Do
Check your IUD strings monthly to ensure it’s still in place. If you can’t feel the strings or suspect the IUD has moved, consult your doctor immediately. A quick ultrasound can confirm placement.
8. Ovulation Timing and Fertility Window
Underestimating Fertility Awareness
Fertility awareness or natural family planning methods involve tracking ovulation to avoid intercourse during fertile periods. However, factors like irregular cycles, illness, or stress can make ovulation unpredictable, increasing the risk of unintended pregnancy.
What You Can Do
If you rely on fertility awareness, use multiple tracking methods—such as basal body temperature, cervical mucus, and ovulation predictor kits. Consider pairing it with a barrier method for added security.
Bonus Tip: Use Dual Protection for Maximum Security
Combining Methods for Better Results
Using two forms of birth control—like a hormonal method and condoms—not only increases protection against pregnancy but also offers protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
What You Can Do
Talk to your healthcare provider about combining methods that suit your lifestyle and health needs. This strategy is especially helpful if you’re using a method with higher failure rates, like condoms or fertility tracking.
Final Thoughts
While modern birth control methods are generally effective, no method (except abstinence) is foolproof. Human error, improper use, and biological variability can all contribute to unexpected pregnancies. By understanding the common pitfalls and taking proactive steps, you can significantly reduce your risk and take control of your reproductive health.
If you ever suspect a birth control failure or experience unusual symptoms, don’t hesitate to consult a healthcare professional. They can guide you on next steps, whether it’s taking emergency contraception, switching methods, or planning for pregnancy.
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